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1. Abnormal Lung sounds
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Abnormal Lung Sounds – Overview
Abnormal lung sounds, also known as adventitious breath sounds, are unusual noises heard during auscultation that may indicate underlying lung pathology. Here are the main types:
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1. Crackles (Rales)
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Sound: Popping, crackling, or bubbling (like Velcro).
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When heard: During inspiration.
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Associated with:
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Pneumonia
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Heart failure (pulmonary edema)
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Interstitial lung disease
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2. Wheezes
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Sound: High-pitched, musical.
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When heard: Mostly during expiration.
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Associated with:
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Asthma
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Bronchospasm
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3. Rhonchi
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Sound: Low-pitched, snoring or gurgling.
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When heard: During both inspiration and expiration.
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Associated with:
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Bronchitis
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Mucus in the airways
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4. Stridor
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Sound: Loud, high-pitched, crowing.
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When heard: Mainly during inspiration.
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Associated with:
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Upper airway obstruction (e.g., croup, foreign body)
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5. Pleural Rub
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Sound: Grating or creaking.
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When heard: During both inspiration and expiration.
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Associated with:
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Pleuritis or pleural effusion (when pleural layers rub together)
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2.Suture Techniques
Suturing is a key skill in wound closure. Here are the most common suture techniques used in medical practice:
1.
Simple Interrupted Suture
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Technique: Individual stitches tied one at a time.
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Use: Most common for skin closure.
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Pros: Good tension control; if one stitch fails, others remain intact.
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Cons: Time-consuming.
2.
Continuous (Running) Suture
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Technique: One long suture with multiple passes.
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Use: Long, straight incisions.
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Pros: Fast; distributes tension evenly.
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Cons: If one part fails, entire closure may loosen.
3.
Vertical Mattress Suture
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Technique: Deep and superficial passes.
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Use: Deep wounds; areas under tension.
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Pros: Strong closure; everts wound edges.
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Cons: Risk of skin necrosis if too tight.
4.
Horizontal Mattress Suture
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Technique: Two lateral passes on each side.
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Use: Fragile skin or high-tension wounds.
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Pros: Distributes tension widely.
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Cons: Can impair blood flow if overtightened.
5.
Subcuticular (Intradermal) Suture
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Technique: Continuous suture placed just under the skin.
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Use: Cosmetic closures (face, abdomen).
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Pros: No visible suture marks; excellent cosmetic result.
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Cons: Less tensile strength.
6.
Purse-String Suture
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Technique: Circular stitch that tightens like a drawstring.
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Use: Closing round defects (e.g., drain sites).
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Pros: Quick and effective for small circular wounds.
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