Left-Sided Heart Failure
Pathophysiology: Caused by left ventricular dysfunction , which can be systolic or diastolic . Systolic failure: the left ventricle can’t contract effectively, reducing ejection frac…
Nervous System
Main Function: The nervous system detects and responds to stimuli, controls and coordinates organ functions, and maintains homeostasis (a balanced internal process). Divisions: Centr…
Heart Structure and Circulatory System
Main Concept: The heart is part of the blood circulatory system , which includes blood and blood vessels . It functions as a closed syst…
Skeletal System
The human skeleton has a total of 206 bones , divided into two main divisions: Axial skeleton (80 bones): skull, vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. Appendicular skeleton (126 bones):…
Fractures
Definition: Fractures are broken bones involving bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and soft tissues. Symptoms: Include pain (continuous), numbness, muscle spasms, deformities, limb …
Wounds
Open Wounds include: Surgical: clean-cut edges from sharp objects (e.g., scalpel blade). Laceration: uneven, jagged edges (like from barbed wire). Abrasion: superficial wound dam…
Blood components
Functions: Blood delivers oxygen, transports nutrients, protects against infection, and helps regulate body temperature and chemical balance. Contents of Blood: Shown as a test tube, blo…
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